Q. What is articulation?
A. Articulation is the process by which sounds, syllables, and
words are formed when your tongue, jaw, teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream
coming from the vocal folds.
Q. What is an articulation problem?
A. A person has an articulation problem when he or she produces
sounds, syllables, or words incorrectly so that listeners do not understand what is being
said or pay more attention to the way the words sound than to what they mean.
Q. Is an articulation problem the same as "baby
talk''?
A. An articulation problem sometimes sounds like baby talk because
many very young children do mispronounce sounds, syllables, and words. But words that
sound cute when mispronounced by young children interfere with the communication of older
children or adults. Older children and adults have so many severe errors that their
articulation problems are very different from "baby talk.''
Q. What are some types of sound errors?
A. Most errors fall into one of three omissions, substitutions, or
distortions. An example of an omission is "at" for "hat" or
"oo" for "shoe." An example of a substitution is the use of
"w" for "r," which makes "rabbit" sound like
"wabbit," or the substitution of "th" for "s" so that
"sun" is pronounced "thun." When the sound is said inaccurately but
sounds something like the intended sound, it is called a distortion.
Q. What causes an articulation problem?
A. Articulation problems may result from physical causes, such as
cerebral palsy, cleft palate, or hearing loss, or may be related to other problems in the
mouth, such as dental problems. However, most articulation problems occur in the absence
of any obvious physical disability. The cause of these so-called functional articulation
problems may be faulty learning of speech sounds.
Q. Is an accent an articulation problem?
A. It can be for some persons. We all have accents—Southern,
Eastern, Northern, Western, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Brooklyn, or Boston. An accent may be a
problem if it interferes with a person's goals in life.
Q. Can ear problems during infancy have any effect on late
sound development?
A. Children learn their speech sounds by listening to the speech
around them. This learning begins very early in life. If children have frequent ear
problems during this important listening period, they may fail to learn some speech
sounds.
Q. Will a child outgrow a functional articulation problem?
A. A child's overall speech pattern will usually become more
understandable as he or she matures, but some children will need direct training to
eliminate all articulation errors. The exact speech pattern of the individual child will
determine the answer to this question.
Q. Do children learn all sounds at once?
A. Sounds are learned in an orderly sequence. Some sounds, such as
"p," "m," and "b," are learned as early as 3 years of age.
Other sounds. like "s,'' "r,'' and "I," often are not completely
mastered until the early school years.
Q. At what age should a child be producing all sounds
correctly?
A. Children should make all the sounds of English by 8 years of
age. Many children learn these sounds much earlier.
Q. How can I help a child pronounce words correctly?
A. By setting a good example. Don't interrupt or constantly correct
the child. Don't let anyone tease or mock (including friends or relatives). Instead,
present a good model. Use the misarticulated word correctly with emphasis. If the child
says. "That's a big wabbit," you say "Yes, that is a big rabbit. A big
white rabbit. Would you like to have a rabbit?"
Q. Can an adult with an articulation problem be helped?
A. Most articulation problems can be helped regardless of a
person's age, but the longer the problem persists, the harder it is to change. Some
problems, such as those relating to nerve impulses to the muscles of articulation
(dysarthria), are particularly difficult and generally will require a longer period of
help than a functional disorder. Other conditions that may influence progress in a child
or adult include hearing ability, condition of the oral structures such as the teeth,
frequency of help obtained, motivation, intelligence, and cooperation.
Q. Is it important to correct an articulation problem?
A. When you consider the possible impact an articulation problem
may have on one's social, emotional, educational, and/or vocational status, the answer
becomes obvious. Our speech is an important part of us. The quality of our lives is
affected by the adequacy of our speech.